International Taxation in Vietnam

Profit repatriation 

Remitting profits from Vietnam can prove to be a complex and time-consuming process, even for the most seasoned investors. Shifting regulations and scarce local information on procedures has created a difficult compliance landscape that mandates continued attention from businesspeople. 

Contributing Advisor

Luy Doan

Assistant Manager, Tax

Although implementing remittance strategies can seem a daunting task, businesses that seek out up-to-date information and plan accordingly are more ready to ensure that profits from their business in Vietnam are distributed abroad in a seamless manner. 

Authorities in charge of remittance 

For those with current operations within the country, or investors considering setting up in the country, understanding what regulatory bodies and legislation affects business processes is a critical component of business planning. 

For those seeking to understand current compliance procedures with regard to remittances, the following governmental bodies and general restrictions on investment should be noted with regard to remittances. 

 Ministry of Finance (MOF) 

The MOF has the power to adjust taxation and regulate remittances within Vietnam. Current areas under the remit of the MOF include powers to: 

• Adjust various rates of taxation including but not limited to Corporate Income Taxation, Value Added Taxation, and Special Consumption Taxation; and 
• Regulate the conditions that must be met for profits to be repatriated from Vietnam. 

State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) 

The SBV has the responsibility of regulating banking and foreign exchange within Vietnam. Under the remit of the State Bank of Vietnam are the powers to: 

• License banks to operate foreign exchange accounts; 
• Set requirements related to the set-up of bank accounts; and 
• Issue official rates of exchange between the Vietnamese Dong (VND) and other currencies throughout the world. 

Restrictions on remittance 

While Vietnam is fairly open to companies remitting profits to their respective markets, investors should note the number of restrictions that are currently enforced upon the remittance process. 

If these limitations are not worked into existing business models, they can create significant liquidity problems for those expecting to compensate shareholders or service loans. 

Timeframe 

Under Vietnamese law, profits may only be remitted once per year. The timing of this remittance is limited by audit requirements that create a yearly window starting from March when profits are allowed to be remitted. 

Financial position 

Under current Vietnamese law, dividends may not be carried out during a year in which a company has not turned a profit. 

Foreign contractor withholding tax 

Enterprises subject to foreign contractor taxation 

Foreign contractor tax, or generally referred to as withholding tax, is imposed on foreign contractors or foreign sub-contractors. These are defined as foreign organizations or individuals carrying out business in Vietnam under a contract signed with a Vietnamese contracting party or signed with a main foreign contractor (not under a direct investment form in accordance with the investment law of Vietnam). 

Parties that conduct business under a contract and make monetary payments to a Vietnamese organization or individual are subject to paying withholding taxes according to foreign contractor withholding tax regulations. 

Also, foreign entities that earn income in Vietnam under a contract with a Vietnamese company for the local provisioning of goods through domestic export, or in some cases for distribution or provisioning of goods in Vietnam under an agreement where the seller was had exported the goods into Vietnam, and the goods are not intended for re-export out of Vietnam. 

Two types FCWT (Withholding Tax) may apply in various cases: 

• VAT (Value added tax); and  
• CIT (Corporate Income Tax). 

Note: The Foreign Contractor Withholding Tax (FCWT) is detailed in Circular No. 103/2014/TT-BTC. 

Calculation 

According to Circular No. 103/2014/TT-BTC, the calculation of CIT and VAT for foreign contractors are different depending on the methods of payment. There are three methods available, which are as follows: 

Deduction and declaration method 

VAT and CIT payments will be filed in the same manner and tax rates as local companies; foreign contractors will be allowed to follow the ordinary method if they satisfy the following conditions: 

• They have a permanent establishment or resident status in Vietnam; 
• Their duration of conducting business in Vietnam under a contractor or sub-contractor contract is 183 days or more from the effective date of the contract; and,
• They fully apply the Vietnamese accounting system to their business, complete the tax registration and are issued a TIN by a tax authority. 

Hybrid method:  

• VAT is calculated based on the deduction method, while CIT is determined under the direct method rates on the gross turnover. In order to adopt the hybrid method, foreign contractors and subcontractors must meet the following conditions: 
• They have a permanent establishment or resident status in Vietnam; 
• Their duration of conducting business in Vietnam under a contractor or sub-contractor contract is 183 days or more from the effective date of the contract; and,
• They maintain the accounting system according to Vietnamese accounting regulations and guidance of the Ministry of Finance. 

Direct method:  

• This method is applicable when the foreign contractors do not meet one of the conditions mentioned above; the base for calculating VAT and CIT is the taxable revenue. VAT on goods or services used to execute main contracts and subcontracts must not be deducted. 

Custom duties 

Most goods exported or imported across the borders of Vietnam, or which pass between the domestic market and a non-tariff zone are subject to export or import duties. 

Calculation 

The payable import tax or export tax amount shall be equal to the unit volume of each actually imported or exported goods item inscribed in the customs declarations multiplied by the tax calculation price and the tax rate of each item stated in the tariff at the time of tax calculation. At present, export tariffs are codified under Circular 182/2015/TT-BTC. 

Rates 

Most goods and services being exported are exempt from tax. Export duties (ranging from zero percent to 40 percent and computed on free-on-board (FOB) price) are only charged on a few items, mainly natural resources such as minerals, forest products, and scrap metal. 

Duty rates for imported goods shall include preferential rates, special preferential rates, and standard rates depending on the origin of the goods. 

Payment 

Import and export duties declaration are required upon registration of customs declarations with the customs offices. 

Export duties must be paid within 30 days of registration of customs declarations. For imported goods, import duties must be paid before receipt of consumer goods, specifically: 

• Within 275 days for imported supplies and raw materials intended for the production of exported goods; 
• Within 15 days for goods temporarily imported and intended for re-export, as from the deadline for temporary import for re-export or temporary export for re-import, as provided for by competent state agencies; 
• Goods imported for export production; 
• Goods temporarily imported or exported for the repair or replacement; 
• Goods used in the production of digital content, IT, or software; and
• Fertilizers and pesticides that are unavailable in the Vietnamese market. 

Transfer pricing 

Many foreign businesses delocalize their production facilities in Vietnam and charge their foreign outposts for administrative, technical, financial, and commercial services.

However, financial administration teams need to be aware that their transactions must comply with the arm’s length and substance-over-form principles. Companies that are considering an investment into Vietnam, as well as those companies that are already operating in the country, need to comply with the regulatory requirements set out in Decree 132/2020 and Decree 20/2025.  

Key compliance in Vietnam 

Transfer pricing rules are almost the same everywhere as they are generally based on the same principles and share common approaches. Transfer pricing principals in Vietnam use the substance-over-form principle: foreign investors should review this when structuring supply chains. Substance-over-form is a principle by which tax authorities look past the legal forms of transactions and operating structures, and instead consider and analyze their economic substance. 

What does the substance over form of principal mean in practice? 

Foreign parent companies that delocalize their production facilities in Vietnam may seek to act solely as a subcontractor, operating through their Vietnamese subsidiary alone. The foreign parent company then seeks to charge its subsidiary on a monthly basis for commercial services performed in regard to developing sales in Vietnam. 

According to the substance-over-form principle, those commercial services should contribute to the creation of operating sales revenue or income for the Vietnamese subsidiary. As a consequence, expenses related to commercial services are not deductible from the subsidiary’s taxable income. 

Alternatively, if the same Vietnamese subsidiary were engaged in sales activities, then those same commercial service expenses would comply with the substance-over-form principle. 

Accordingly, the expenses could then be deducted if the prices charged were at arm’s length (or market rate). 

Some companies, however, may seek to engage in more complicated relationships. A multinational enterprise may like to interpose a Vietnamese entity in transactions between two member companies that are residents of countries, which have not signed a double taxation agreement. 

According to the substance-over-form principle, associated transactions should have a significant purpose (aside from reduction of tax liability) and an economic effect (aside from any tax effect) in order to be accepted by authorities. In this case, no related expenses would be deductible from the Vietnamese entity’s taxable income. 

Finally, from a tax planning perspective, it is worth noting that the previous Decree 20 introduced limitations on the deductibility of loan interest costs, which now – after Decree 132 – should not exceed 30 percent of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA).

The cap applies to net interest expense (i.e. after offsetting with interest income from loans and deposits). Non-deductible interest expenses can be carried forward to the subsequent five years. Certain types of financing are excluded from the cap, including interest on official development assistance (ODA) loans, various preferential loans made by the government, and loans made for implementing national programs and state social benefit policies.

How do you comply with transfer pricing regulations? 

Taxpayers in Vietnam who have entered into related-party transactions have a number of obligations under Decree 132. These have been summarized and set out below: 

Identifying related parties

The ownership threshold required to be a ‘related party’ under Decree 132 is 25 percent. A company and certain individuals are also considered related parties in certain circumstances. Point 2, Article 5 of Decree 132, amended by Point 1, Article 1 of Decree 20 provides detailed cases for classifying related parties' relationships.

On highlight note is that Decree 20 amends the conditions for determining an entity as a related party based on financial borrowings, which state that the outstanding balance of covered borrowings must be:

• At least 25 percent of the borrower’s equity; and
• At least 50 percent of the total outstanding balance of medium and long-term liabilities.

Transitional guidance related to interest deductibility cap

If, during the tax years 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, taxpayers only participated in related party borrowing transactions with financial institutions under Decree 132 and become disqualified as related parties from 2024 due to the criteria outlined in Decree 20, they can distribute non-deductible expenses evenly over the remaining years. Specifically, non-deductible interest expenses up to the end of 2020 may be allocated equally to 2024 and 2025 for the purpose of deduction.

Entities identified as related parties must maintain documentation supporting their chosen method for determining arm's length pricing. Accepted methodologies include the Comparable Uncontrolled Price method, Cost-Plus method, Profit Split method, Comparable Profits method, and Resale Price method, all of which are in accordance with OECD guidelines.

Forms 

Companies in Vietnam that engage in related party transactions need to disclose their relationships and transactions in their annual tax returns. 

Taxpayers subject to transfer pricing regulations need to file Form 01 to disclose what transfer pricing transactions they have entered into, and the value of these contracts. Further, taxpayers need to provide what the arm’s-length prices of the related-party transactions would be to enable a comparison. 

The timeframe to do this is 90 days after the end of the financial year. This may prove very challenging given the short amount of time to collect and collate all necessary information and data – careful planning and observance are therefore prudent. 

Contemporaneous documentation 

Transfer pricing contemporaneous documentation is designed to document taxpayers’ relationships and transactions with related parties, as well as their global transfer pricing policies and the allocation of profits among all members/entities within a corporate group. Taxpayers meeting specific thresholds must, in accordance with Decree 132, prepare, and then maintain transfer pricing contemporaneous documentation, which encompasses a Local File, and one or more of the Master File and Country-by-Country Report (CbCR). 

It is likely that the Master File and CbCR will be prepared by headquarters, as they are likely to have direct access to all necessary information. All those documents must be declared by filing Form 02,  and Form 03 (for Local file and Master file respectively), and Form 04 (CbCR). 

Safe harbors from contemporaneous documentation 

Enterprises are exempt from preparing the transfer pricing documentation if any of the following conditions are satisfied: 

• Total revenue < VND 50 billion (USD 2.5 million) and total revenue of related-party transactions < VND 30 billion (USD 1.5 million); 
• Entered into an Advanced Pricing Agreement (APA) and submitted annual APA report(s); 
• Exercise only simple functions, sales < VND 200 billion (USD 10 million), and EBIT, depending on the business, of at least 5 percent (distribution), 10 percent (manufacturing) or 15 percent (toll manufacturing). 

Risk/Penalties 

If the tax authorities believe the transaction was not priced according to the arms’ length principle, they will adjust the value of the transaction and impose tax accordingly. Furthermore, according to the substance-over-form principle, costs arising from services rendered for the sole purpose of providing other affiliates with benefits or values will not qualify for a deduction from taxable income. 

Companies can also be held criminally liable if found to be evading tax. The tax authorities also publish the details of companies that are non-compliant, or report irregularities, on their national and provincial websites – a critical reputational risk.  

Managing risk 

It is important that companies take the necessary steps to ensure that they are compliant and effectively managing their risk. There are a variety of measures that companies can take. These include: 

• Providing disclosures: All companies should disclose information about their related-party relationships and transactions in the prescribed forms and in accordance with the requisite timeframes. 
• Risk assessments: Conducting risk assessments to monitor and revise intercompany transactions and planning ahead to create a robust transfer pricing strategy is also an important risk mitigation tool. 
• Contemporaneous documentation preparation: Taxpayers meeting the abovementioned thresholds are required to prepare contemporaneous documentation. Companies not meeting the thresholds should however still accurately document their associated party transactions and be able to substantiate the rationale adopted in case they receive any queries or audit notices from the tax bureau. 
• Advanced Pricing Arrangements: Taxpayers have the option to proactively manage their transfer pricing risk profiles by entering into an Advanced Pricing Agreement (APA) with the local tax authority. An APA is a binding agreement as to how taxpayers’ transfer pricing arrangement will be taxed. However, in practice, as of today Vietnam has no APA signed.